Measuring user retention using cohort analysis with R
This article is originally published at https://www.ivankuznetsov.com/
Cohort analysis is super important if you want to know if your service is in fact a leaky bucket despite nice growth of absolute numbers. There’s a good write up on that subject “Cohorts, Retention, Churn, ARPU” by Matt Johnson.
So how to do it using R and how to visualize it. Inspired by examples described in “Retention, Cohorts, and Visualizations” I came up with the following solution.
First, get the data in a suitable format, like this:
cohort signed_up active_m0 active_m1 active_m2 2011-10 12345 10432 8765 6754 2011-11 12345 10432 8765 6754 2011-12 12345 10432 8765 6754
Cohort here is in “YYYY-MM” format, signed_up is the number of users who have created accounts in the given month, active_m0 – number of users who have been active in the same month as they registered, active_m1 – number of users who have been active in the following month, and so forth. For newest cohorts you’ll be getting zeroes in some of active_mN columns, since there’s no data on them yet. This is taken into account in processing scripts.
require(plyr) # Load SystematicInvestor's plot.table (https://github.com/systematicinvestor/SIT) con = gzcon(url('https://www.systematicportfolio.com/sit.gz', 'rb')) source(con) close(con) # Read the data cohorts # Let's convert absolute values to percentages (% of the registered users remaining active) cohort_p as.numeric(df$active_m0/df$signed_up), as.numeric(df$active_m1/df$signed_up), as.numeric(df$active_m2/df$signed_up), as.numeric(df$active_m3/df$signed_up), as.numeric(df$active_m4/df$signed_up), as.numeric(df$active_m5/df$signed_up), as.numeric(df$active_m6/df$signed_up), as.numeric(df$active_m7/df$signed_up), as.numeric(df$active_m8/df$signed_up) )) # Create a matrix temp = as.matrix(cohort_p[,3:(length(cohort_p[1,])-1)]) colnames(temp) = paste('Month', 0:(length(temp[1,])-1), sep=' ') rownames(temp) = as.vector(cohort_p$V1) # Drop 0 values and format data temp[] = plota.format(100 * as.numeric(temp), 0, '', '%') temp[temp == " 0%"] # Plot cohort analysis table plot.table(temp, smain='Cohort(users)', highlight = TRUE, colorbar = TRUE)
This code produces nice visualizations of the cohort analysis as a table:
I used articles “Visualizing Tables with plot.table” and “Response to Flowingdata Challenge: Graphing obesity trends” as an inspiration for this R code.
If you want to get nice colours as in the example above, you’ll need to adjust rainbow interval for plot.table. I managed to do it by editing functions code directly from R environment:
plot.table.helper.color <- edit(plot.table.helper.color)
function ( temp # matrix to plot ){ # convert temp to numerical matrix temp = matrix(as.double(gsub('[%,$]', '', temp)), nrow(temp), ncol(temp)) highlight = as.vector(temp) cols = rep(NA, len(highlight)) ncols = len(highlight[!is.na(highlight)]) cols[1:ncols] = rainbow(ncols, start = 0, end = 0.3) o = sort.list(highlight, na.last = TRUE, decreasing = FALSE) o1 = sort.list(o, na.last = TRUE, decreasing = FALSE) highlight = matrix(cols[o1], nrow = nrow(temp)) highlight[is.na(temp)] = NA return(highlight) }
Adjust interval in line 11 to 0.5, 0.6 to get shades of blue.
plot.table.helper.colorbar <- edit(plot.table.helper.colorbar)
function ( plot.matrix # matrix to plot ) { nr = nrow(plot.matrix) + 1 nc = ncol(plot.matrix) + 1 c = nc r1 = 1 r2 = nr rect((2*(c - 1) + .5), -(r1 - .5), (2*c + .5), -(r2 + .5), col='white', border='white') rect((2*(c - 1) + .5), -(r1 - .5), (2*(c - 1) + .5), -(r2 + .5), col='black', border='black') y1= c( -(r2) : -(r1) ) graphics::image(x = c( (2*(c - 1) + 1.5) : (2*c + 0.5) ), y = y1, z = t(matrix( y1 , ncol = 1)), col = t(matrix( rainbow(len( y1 ), start = 0.5, end = 0.6) , ncol = 1)), add = T) }
Adjust interval in line 21 to 0.5, 0.6 to get shades of blue.
Now if you want to draw the cycle-like graph:
# make matrix shorter for the graph (limit to 0-6 months) temp = as.matrix(cohort_p[,3:(length(cohort_p[1,])-1)]) temp temp[temp == "0"] library(RColorBrewer) colnames(temp) = paste('Month', 0:(length(temp[1,])-1), 'retention', sep=' ') palplot(temp[,1],pch=19,xaxt="n",col=pal[1],type="o",ylim=c(0,as.numeric(max(temp[,-2],na.rm=T))),xlab="Cohort by Month",ylab="Retention",main="Retention by Cohort") for(i in 2:length(colnames(temp))) { points(temp[,i],pch=19,xaxt="n",col=pal[i]) lines(temp[,i],pch=19,xaxt="n",col=pal[i]) } axis(1,at=1:length(cohort_p$cohort),labels=as.vector(cohort_p$cohort),cex.axis=0.75) legend("bottomleft",legend=colnames(temp),col=pal,lty=1,pch=19,bty="n") abline(h=(seq(0,1,0.1)), col="lightgray", lty="dotted")
This code produces nice visualizations of the cohort analysis as multicolour cycle graph:
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This article is originally published at https://www.ivankuznetsov.com/
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